Versus hemp cbd oil side effects
Cannabidiol CBD -containing products are widely marketed as over the counter products, mostly as food supplements, to avoid the strict rules of medicinal products. Another hypothesis for the side-effects of CBD products may be residual THC concentrations in the products as contamination, because most of them are based on crude hemp extracts containing the full spectrum of cannabinoids besides CBD. Inversely, CBD was present in the products below the no observed adverse effect level. The safety, efficacy and purity of commercial CBD products is highly questionable, and all of the products in our sample collection showed various non-conformities to European food law such as unsafe THC levels, full-spectrum hemp extracts as non-approved novel food ingredients, non-approved health claims, and deficits in mandatory food labelling requirements. In view of the growing market for such lifestyle products, the effectiveness of the instrument of food business operators' own responsibility for product safety must obviously be challenged.
Cannabidiol (CBD) — what we know and what we don’t
Cannabidiol CBD -containing products are widely marketed as over the counter products, mostly as food supplements, to avoid the strict rules of medicinal products. Another hypothesis for the side-effects of CBD products may be residual THC concentrations in the products as contamination, because most of them are based on crude hemp extracts containing the full spectrum of cannabinoids besides CBD.
Inversely, CBD was present in the products below the no observed adverse effect level. The safety, efficacy and purity of commercial CBD products is highly questionable, and all of the products in our sample collection showed various non-conformities to European food law such as unsafe THC levels, full-spectrum hemp extracts as non-approved novel food ingredients, non-approved health claims, and deficits in mandatory food labelling requirements.
In view of the growing market for such lifestyle products, the effectiveness of the instrument of food business operators' own responsibility for product safety must obviously be challenged.
From all hemp constituents, cannabidiol CBD is currently the compound with highest interest. It is currently being tested for its possible antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic and antiemetic effects as a drug, e. Apart from that, extemporaneous preparations in pharmacies are legally available on prescription in Germany and some other countries. However, most of the CBD products worldwide are available as food supplements or additives in food.
Commercial CBD products are usually crude extracts from whole hemp plants i. In other ways e. Also, the limited available literature and manufacturer data confirm that CBD products are usually extracted by supercritical CO 2 or with solvents such as ethanol or isopropanol from the entire hemp plant 6 , 7.
Probably due to cost reasons for some products, no further specific enrichment or purification of CBD is conducted, so that the commercial extracts are regularly a cannabinoid mixture rather than pure CBD. Otherwise, extracts may be cleaned with different processes such as winterization, or partial fractionation using supercritical CO 2.
The strategy to market CBD products as food supplements within the framework of food regulations seems to be the most common approach of CBD sellers. The most prevalent food supplement products are CBD oils in liquid form or CBD oil or hemp extract containing capsules.
However, no significant food consumption of hemp extracts or hemp flowers containing CBD has been documented before 15 May Up to date as of January , no approved application is recorded. Basically, all available CBD products based on hemp extract marketed as food or food supplement within the EU are therefore illegally sold 2.
To circumvent the strict safety requirements for medicinal or food products, some CBD products may be sold as other product categories e. Despite the enforcement efforts of the food and medicinal product control authorities e.
Additionally, some pediatric studies in epilepsy patients with orally administered CBD also reported adverse effects such as drowsiness and fatigue that could be explained by pharmacological properties of THC rather than of CBD 8 — Currently there are three hypotheses for the cause of the side effects: i a direct pharmacological effect of CBD, ii the degradation of CBD to THC due to acidic hydrolysis in the stomach following oral consumption, and iii THC directly contained in the products as by-product due to co-extraction and enrichment or contamination.
In this article, the hypotheses are investigated including new evidence from original data. These solutions were exposed to an artificial gastric juice as well as different incubation times and stress factors such as storage under light and heat see Table 1 for full experimental design. The daylight condition was achieved by storage at a window south side. In deviation of an experimental protocol of Merrick et al. As pure CBD was available only in methanolic solution, the final experimental setups contained 0.
The evaluation took place after fragmentation of the mother ion into three mass traces for each compound. In case of QTOF, quantification was conducted over accurate mass and control of fragmentation pattern.
The certified reference materials were obtained as solutions in ampoules of 1 mL, all supplied by Merck Darmstadt, Germany.
For details on interpretation of results and toxicity assessment, see Lachenmeier et al. For this reason, the consumption of the whole bottle at once was assumed as worst-case exposure scenario. For tea products, a daily consumption of 8 g has been assumed if no other labelling was provided. However, much higher tea consumption is possible, so that a worst case scenario has to be considered. For example, the very small portion size of 2.
However, if only 5 times this amount is consumed, which is neither unexpected nor impossible considering typically herbal tea consumption, the LOAEL may be exceeded. CBD doses in the food supplements on the market are typically much lower than the ones tested in clinical studies. Some, partly older, in vitro studies put up hypotheses about the conversion of CBD to THC under acidic conditions such as in artificial gastric juice 12 , 16 — If these proposals could be confirmed with in vivo data, consumers taking CBD orally could be exposed to such high THC levels that the threshold for pharmacological action could be exceeded However, taking a closer look at these in vitro studies raises some doubts.
Due to the contradicting results, a replication of the in vitro study of Merrick et al. Under these conditions in contrast to Merrick et al. Only in case of the positive control 2 week storage in 0. From an analytical viewpoint, the use of less selective and specific analytical methods, especially from the point of chromatographic separation, could result in a situation in which certain CBD degradation products might easily be confused with THC due to structural similarities.
Thus, similar fragmentation patterns and potentially overlapping peaks under certain chromatographic conditions might have led to false positive results in the previous studies. In conclusion of our degradation experiments, we agree with more recent literature 22 , 23 that CBD would not likely react to THC under in vivo conditions. The only detectable influence leading to degradation is strong acidity, which should be avoided in CBD formulations to ensure stability of products.
In summary, none of the products in our survey was found as being fully compliant with European food regulations. The THC dose leading to intoxication is considered to be in the range of 10 to 20 mg very high dose in heavy episodic cannabis users up to 60 mg for cannabis smoking The resorption of orally ingested THC varies greatly interindividually with respect to both total amount and resorption rate This might be one of the reasons for the individually very different psychotropic effects.
In one in five adults, a single dose of 5 mg already showed corresponding symptoms Some of the CBD oil supplements contained THC in doses up to 30 mg in this case in the whole bottle of 10 ml , which can easily explain the adverse effects observed by some consumers. Most of the CBD oils with dosage of around 1 mg THC per serving offer the possibility to achieve intoxicating and psychotropic effects due to this compound if the products are used off-label i.
Some manufacturers even suggest an increase of daily dosage over time. Generally, these products pose a risk to human health, especially in light of the German guidance value for THC in these kind of products 29 , Hence our results provide compelling evidence that THC natively contained in CBD products by contamination may be a direct cause for side effects of these products.
Obviously, there is an involuntary or deliberate lack of quality control of CBD products. In light of the discussion about the three potential causative factors for side effects of CBD products, the described effects can be explained most probably by the presence of native THC as contaminant in the products rather than by direct action of CBD or its chemical transformation. The conclusions and findings of this study are further supported by the findings of Hazekamp 6 reporting data from the Netherlands on cannabis oils according to which the labelling information for CBD and THC was often different from the actual contents.
CBD degradation products are currently unknown and need to be characterized and toxicologically assessed, e. Until then, the safety of the products remains questionable. Furthermore, standardization and purification of the extracts need to be improved and stability of commercial products during shelf life should be checked e. Obviously, the manufacturers have — deliberately or in complete ignorance of the legal situation — placed unsafe and unapproved products on the market and thus exposed the consumer to an actually avoidable risk.
The risk also includes positive cannabis urine tests for several days, which may be expected from daily oral doses of more than 1 mg THC 1 , 2 , Obviously, the current regulatory framework is insufficient to adequately regulate products in the grey area between medicines and food supplements. For cannabis-derived products, such as CBD, the problem is aggravated by conflicting regulations in the narcotic, medicinal, and food law areas.
For example, hemp extract based products of similar composition could be treated as illegal narcotics, prescription-based medicinal products, or novel foods. Clearly for CBD products alongside other medicinal cannabis products, a regulated legalization see e. Anderson et al. The authors of this manuscript have addressed my questions and concerns in a satisfactory manner.
I see no more objection for indexing of this very welcome manuscript. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Commercial CBD products are usually crude extracts from whole hemp plant material, that are available for purchase in several venues. These extracts have been reported to contain cannabinoid mixtures rather than pure CBD, and are then mixed into edible oils to obtain CBD oil.
They are marketed as being free of psychoactive component, i. Anecdotal reports of THC-like side effects from these mixtures have been reported. Three hypotheses for these side effects are posed: i direct pharmacological effect of CBD-for which there is little evidence, ii the degradation of CBD to THC due to acidic hydrolysis in the stomach following oral consumption, and iii THC directly contained in the products as a by-product due to co-extraction and enrichment or contamination.
The article investigated the latter two of these hypotheses. CBD degradation: Differently concentrated CBD in methanolic solutions was evaluated in a range corresponding to typical amounts consumed in supplements based on commercial CBD supplied by Merck. These solutions were exposed to an artificial gastric juice at different incubation times and under different environmental conditions.
Of the 28 samples described in Table 2, none of the products was compliant with European food regulations and most of the samples contained THC, some at a dose that would be expected to lead to intoxication.
Although it would have been even more informative to have a clear indication of the CBD content of each of the samples, the data clearly present evidence that the products are mislabeled and that THC-like side effects reported by patients is likely the result of contamination of the product with THC, which was the purpose of the study. This is an important manuscript that will clear up the misconception that CBD is converted to THC in gastric juices of users.
The manuscript focuses on the quality of CBD oils, which is a meaningful and contemporary issue. Table 2 is the core of the study, because it compares the claimed composition of CBD oil, with lab results obtained by the authors.
The conclusion is that the currently available products in Germany are often not what they claim to be. Unfortunately, the authors did not analyze the actual CBD content of many of the products, and they assume that their own lab analyses are fully accurate, without proving or showing why. The authors use two different methods of analysis without explaining why one method is not sufficient.
Also, in many parts of the text, they explain the current situation concerning CBD product without realizing that many readers may not have enough background information to follow their line of reasoning. The manuscript should be rewritten to explain basic concepts better. Also, more data should be added to table 2, particularly about CBD content of the products analyzed.
Right now, CBD analysis data is missing for more than half of the samples. It is not clear why so many of the products have not been studied for CBD content, and this undermines the strength of the paper.
In general, the idea behind the study is very good, but the execution is relatively poor because it only focuses on the THC content of the product analyzed. Please see my annotated copy of the article here for additional comments. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
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That something turned out to be taking cannabidiol, aka CBD. And yet the buzz is so strong that to say CBD-infused products are selling like hotcakes would be an understatement. That product is CBD oil. This is the type of CBD sold over the counter in nutrition stores and supermarkets, added to lattes in cool coffee shops, and infused into luxe beauty products.
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Introduction: This literature survey aims to extend the comprehensive survey performed by Bergamaschi et al. Apart from updating the literature, this article focuses on clinical studies and CBD potential interactions with other drugs. Results: In general, the often described favorable safety profile of CBD in humans was confirmed and extended by the reviewed research.
What is the correct dosage of CBD?
There's a growing amount of research pointing out the benefits of CBD. Studies have shown that CBD provides anti-inflammatory and seizure-suppressant properties, as well as the ability to reduce social anxiety. Outside the United States, countries across the globe have started allowing cannabidiol CBD to be used legally inside their borders. In Canada, following the passage of The Cannabis Act , which legalized adult-use cannabis, both hemp-derived and marijuana-derived CBD are available in all provinces. A number of South American countries have also loosened restrictions against CBD oil and medical marijuana in general.
Cannabis: Uses, Effects and Safety
The potential side effects of CBD oil are few and far between, but users should exercise caution if mixing CBD with prescription medications. People are quickly becoming aware of the potential benefits of CBD oil, but this awareness has lead to one very important question: Does CBD oil have any known side effects? Given that so many people are touting CBD oil as a potential solution for a wide variety of conditions , it is important to be able to separate the facts from the fiction. Keep in mind, just as you may feel the benefits of CBD oil in a different way than the next person, people may also feel side effects others will never experience. Not sure which CBD brand to trust? In the vast majority of people, CBD oil is very well tolerated with few reported side effects. While these side effects are minor and rare, it is important that CBD oil users understand that these experiences are possible. If you experience any of the following side effects, consult with your doctor immediately. This guide is not meant to provide medical advice—only information—and all decisions you make regarding your health should include some input from a licensed physician. You can also speak with a cannabis doctor whose specialty is using CBD oil as a medical treatment.
Common or street names: Bud, ganja, grass, hashish, hemp, Indian hemp, marijuana, pot, reefer, weed. Cannabis sativa , also known as hemp, is a species of the Cannabinaceae family of plants.
Cannabidiol CBD has been recently covered in the media, and you may have even seen it as an add-in booster to your post-workout smoothie or morning coffee. What exactly is CBD?
Is CBD Oil Addictive?
Recent studies suggest that cannabidiol oil could play a role in the treatment of arthritis. What are the benefits of cannabidiol oil and are there any side effects people should be aware of before using it? Some people use CBD oil to relieve pain associated with chronic conditions, such as arthritis. This article looks at the scientific evidence behind the benefits, uses, and side effects of CBD oil. In this article, we examine whether CBD oil may be an effective treatment for arthritis and chronic pain. CBD is a type of cannabinoid, which is a chemical that occurs naturally in cannabis plants. CBD is not a psychoactive chemical. Cannabis contains several different chemicals. One of these, called delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol THC , is psychoactive. As many people use cannabis as a recreational drug, there is some controversy surrounding the medicinal use of products containing ingredients from cannabis plants. People often refer to the cannabis plant as either hemp or marijuana, depending on its level of THC. Hemp plants, which lawmakers legalized under the Farm Bill, must contain less than 0. Some people use CBD oil to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. Recent research suggests that CBD oil may be useful for pain relief and other conditions.
Does CBD Oil Have Any Known Side Effects?
Cannabidiol CBD is available in many forms, including oils, tablets, and creams. The ideal dosages vary depending on both its form and usage. There is little research, though, so doctors are not yet able to confirm the safe, beneficial dosages for each use. CBD is an active ingredient in the cannabis plant. Products that contain CBD may provide some health benefits, but they can also pose risks. The CBD market is growing at a fast rate, and the body of research is expanding. However, there is still confusion about the laws, how to use CBD, and its safety and effectiveness. CBD products are legal, though their legal status varies among states.
