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Cannabidiol CBD has been recently covered in the media, and you may have even seen it as an add-in booster to your post-workout smoothie or morning coffee. What exactly is CBD? Why is it suddenly so popular? CBD stands for cannabidiol.
Cannabis: Uses, Effects and Safety
Medical cannabis , or medical marijuana MMJ , is cannabis and cannabinoids that are prescribed by physicians for their patients. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. The Cannabis plant has a history of medicinal use dating back thousands of years in many cultures.
Medical cannabis can be administered through various methods, including capsules , lozenges , tinctures , dermal patches , oral or dermal sprays, cannabis edibles , and vaporizing or smoking dried buds. Synthetic cannabinoids are available for prescription use in some countries, such as dronabinol and nabilone. In the United States, 33 states and the District of Columbia have legalized cannabis for medical purposes, beginning with the passage of California's Proposition in The National Institute on Drug Abuse defines medical cannabis as "using the whole, unprocessed marijuana plant or its basic extracts to treat symptoms of illness and other conditions".
A Cannabis plant includes more than different chemicals, of which about 70 are cannabinoids. A review stated that the variations in ratio of CBD-to-THC in botanical and pharmaceutical preparations determines the therapeutic vs psychoactive effects CBD attenuates THC's psychoactive effects [15] of cannabis products. It is not clear whether medical cannabis is a useful treatment for any condition.
It is recommended that cannabis use be stopped in pregnancy. Medical cannabis is somewhat effective in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting CINV [4] [17] and may be a reasonable option in those who do not improve following preferential treatment. A Cochrane review said that cannabinoids were "probably effective" in treating chemotherapy-induced nausea in children, but with a high side-effect profile mainly drowsiness, dizziness, altered moods, and increased appetite. Less common side effects were "ocular problems, orthostatic hypotension, muscle twitching, pruritus, vagueness, hallucinations, lightheadedness and dry mouth".
As of , current studies suffer from the effects of bias, small sample size, and lack of long-term data. A review found only limited evidence for the effectiveness of cannabis in relieving chronic pain in several conditions. When cannabis is inhaled to relieve pain, blood levels of cannabinoids rise faster than when oral products are used, peaking within three minutes and attaining an analgesic effect in seven minutes.
A review considered cannabis to be generally safe, [33] and it appears safer than opioids in palliative care. Cannabis' efficacy is not clear in treating neurological problems, including multiple sclerosis MS and movement problems. There is no good evidence that medical cannabis is effective for treating posttraumatic stress disorder , and its use for this purpose is not recommended. There is insufficient data to draw strong conclusions about the safety of medical cannabis.
Other effects can include impaired short-term memory; impaired motor coordination; altered judgment; and paranoia or psychosis at high doses. The amount of cannabis normally used for medicinal purposes is not believed to cause any permanent cognitive impairment in adults, though long-term treatment in adolescents should be weighed carefully as they are more susceptible to these impairments.
Withdrawal symptoms are rarely a problem with controlled medical administration of cannabinoids. The ability to drive vehicles or to operate machinery may be impaired until a tolerance is developed. Acute effects may include anxiety and panic, impaired attention, and memory while intoxicated , an increased risk of psychotic symptoms, and possibly increased risk of accidents if a person drives a motor vehicle while intoxicated.
There have been few reports of symptoms lasting longer. According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services , there were , emergency room visits associated with cannabis use in These statistics include visits in which the patient was treated for a condition induced by or related to recent cannabis use.
The drug use must be "implicated" in the emergency department visit, but does not need to be the direct cause of the visit. Most of the illicit drug emergency room visits involved multiple drugs. Effects of chronic use may include bronchitis , a cannabis dependence syndrome, and subtle impairments of attention and memory.
These deficits persist while chronically intoxicated. There has been a limited amount of studies that have looked at the effects of smoking cannabis on the respiratory system. Cannabis smoke contains thousands of organic and inorganic chemical compounds.
This tar is chemically similar to that found in tobacco smoke, [52] and over fifty known carcinogens have been identified in cannabis smoke, [53] including nitrosamines, reactive aldehydes, and polycyclic hydrocarbons, including benz[a]pyrene. Evidence for causing these cancers is mixed concerning heavy, long-term use.
In general there are far lower risks of pulmonary complications for regular cannabis smokers when compared with those of tobacco.
There is serious suspicion among cardiologists, spurring research but falling short of definitive proof, that cannabis use has the potential to contribute to cardiovascular disease. If cannabis arteritis turns out to be a distinct clinical entity, it might be the consequence of vasoconstrictor activity observed from deltaTHC and deltaTHC.
Research in these events is complicated because cannabis is often used in conjunction with tobacco, and drugs such as alcohol and cocaine. Cannabis usually causes no tolerance or withdrawal symptoms except in heavy users. In a survey of heavy users The rate goes up to one in six among those who begin use as adolescents, and one-quarter to one-half of those who use it daily according to a NIDA review.
A literature review found that exposure to marijuana had biologically-based physical, mental, behavioral and social health consequences and was "associated with diseases of the liver particularly with co-existing hepatitis C , lungs, heart, and vasculature".
People are provided licenses with the help of which, they can either grow medical cannabis, or purchase it legally throughout the state. This is done only after precisely reviewing the applications of patients. A systematic review evaluated published studies of the acute and long-term cognitive effects of cannabis. THC intoxication is well established to impair cognitive functioning on an acute basis, including effects on the ability to plan, organize, solve problems, make decisions, and control impulses.
The extent of this impact may be greater in novice users, and paradoxically, those habituated to high-level ingestion may have reduced cognition during withdrawal. Studies of long-term effects on cognition have provided conflicting results, with some studies finding no difference between long-term abstainers and never-users and others finding long-term deficits. The discrepancies between studies may reflect greater long-term effects among heavier users relative to occasional users, and greater duration of effect among those with heavy use as adolescents compared to later in life.
Exposure to THC can cause acute transient psychotic symptoms in healthy individuals and people with schizophrenia. A meta analysis concluded that cannabis use reduced the average age of onset of psychosis by 2. The genus Cannabis contains two species which produce useful amounts of psychoactive cannabinoids: Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa , which are listed as Schedule I medicinal plants in the US; [4] a third species, Cannabis ruderalis , has few psychogenic properties.
The most psychoactive cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant is tetrahydrocannabinol or deltatetrahydrocannabinol, commonly known as THC. CB1 and CB2 are the primary cannabinoid receptors responsible for several of the effects of cannabinoids, although other receptors may play a role as well. CB1 receptors are found in very high levels in the brain and are thought to be responsible for psychoactive effects. The low bioavailability is largely attributed to significant first-pass metabolism in the liver and erratic absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
Due to the poor bioavailability of oral preparations, alternative routes of administration have been studied, including sublingual and rectal. These alternative formulations maximize bioavailability and reduce first-pass metabolism. Like cannabinoid absorption, distribution is also dependent on route of administration. Smoking and inhalation of vaporized cannabis have better absorption than do other routes of administration, and therefore also have more predictable distribution.
It distributes rapidly to highly vascularized organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys, as well as to various glands. Low levels can be detected in the brain, testes, and unborn fetuses, all of which are protected from systemic circulation via barriers.
DeltaTHC is the primary molecule responsible for the effects of cannabis. Ingestion of edible cannabis products lead to a slower onset of effect than the inhalation of it because the THC travels to the liver first through the blood before it travels to the rest of the body. Inhaled cannabis can result in THC going directly to the brain, where it then travels from the brain back to the liver in recirculation for metabolism.
Smoking has been the means of administration of cannabis for many users, but it is not suitable for the use of cannabis as a medicine. The US Food and Drug Administration FDA has not approved smoked cannabis for any condition or disease, as it deems that evidence is lacking concerning safety and efficacy.
Since ancient humans used hemp seed as food, it was quite natural for them to also discover the medicinal properties of the plant. He recommended the substance for many ailments, including constipation, gout, rheumatism, and absent-mindedness.
The Ebers Papyrus c. Surviving texts from ancient India confirm that cannabis' psychoactive properties were recognized, and doctors used it for treating a variety of illnesses and ailments, including insomnia, headaches, gastrointestinal disorders, and pain, including during childbirth. The Ancient Greeks used cannabis to dress wounds and sores on their horses, [99] and in humans, dried leaves of cannabis were used to treat nose bleeds, and cannabis seeds were used to expel tapeworms.
In the medieval Islamic world , Arabic physicians made use of the diuretic , antiemetic , antiepileptic , anti-inflammatory , analgesic and antipyretic properties of Cannabis sativa , and used it extensively as medication from the 8th to 18th centuries.
Cannabis seeds may have been used for food, rituals or religious practices in ancient Europe and China. Widely cultivated strains of cannabis, such as "Afghani" or "Hindu Kush", are indigenous to the Pakistan and Afghanistan regions, while "Durban Poison" is native to Africa. The use of cannabis in medicine began to decline by the end of the 19th century, due to difficulty in controlling dosages and the rise in popularity of synthetic and opium -derived drugs. In the United States, the medical use of cannabis further declined with the passage of the Marihuana Tax Act of , which imposed new regulations and fees on physicians prescribing cannabis.
Pharmacopeia in , and officially banned for any use with the passage of the Controlled Substances Act of Cannabis began to attract renewed interest as medicine in the s and s, in particular due to its use by cancer and AIDS patients who reported relief from the effects of chemotherapy and wasting syndrome.
The use of cannabis, at least as fiber, has been shown to go back at least 10, years in Taiwan. In Mexico , THC content of medical cannabis is limited to one percent. Article 2 provides for the following, in reference to Schedule IV drugs:. A Party shall, if in its opinion the prevailing conditions in its country render it the most appropriate means of protecting the public health and welfare, prohibit the production, manufacture, export and import of, trade in, possession or use of any such drug except for amounts which may be necessary for medical and scientific research only, including clinical trials therewith to be conducted under or subject to the direct supervision and control of the Party.
The convention thus allows countries to outlaw cannabis for all non-research purposes but lets nations choose to allow use for medical and scientific purposes if they believe total prohibition is not the most appropriate means of protecting health and welfare. The convention requires that states that permit the production or use of medical cannabis must operate a licensing system for all cultivators, manufacturers, and distributors and ensure that the total cannabis market of the state shall not exceed that required "for medical and scientific purposes".
In the United States, the use of cannabis for medical purposes is legal in 33 states, four out of five permanently inhabited U. In December , however, the Rohrabacher—Farr amendment , which prohibits the Justice Department from prosecuting individuals acting in accordance with state medical cannabis laws, was signed into federal law. The method of obtaining medical cannabis varies by region and by legislation. In the US, most consumers grow their own or buy it from cannabis dispensaries in states where it is legal.
In the United States, health insurance companies may not pay for a medical marijuana prescription as the Food and Drug Administration must approve any substance for medicinal purposes.
Before this can happen, the FDA must first permit the study of the medical benefits and drawbacks of the substance, which it has not done since it was placed on Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act in Therefore, all expenses incurred fulfilling a medical marijuana prescription will possibly be incurred as out-of-pocket.
Organizations that have issued statements in opposition to the legalization of medical cannabis include the American Academy of Pediatrics , [11] American Psychiatric Association , [] and American Society of Addiction Medicine. The American Medical Association [] and American College of Physicians [] do not take a position on the legalization of medical cannabis, but have called for the Schedule I classification of cannabis to be reviewed. The American Academy of Family Physicians similarly does not take a position, but does support rescheduling in order to facilitate research.
Cancer Research UK say that while cannabis is being studied for therapeutic potential, "claims that there is solid 'proof' that cannabis or cannabinoids can cure cancer is highly misleading to patients and their families, and builds a false picture of the state of progress in this area".
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There's a growing amount of research pointing out the benefits of CBD. Studies have shown that CBD provides anti-inflammatory and seizure-suppressant properties, as well as the ability to reduce social anxiety. Outside the United States, countries across the globe have started allowing cannabidiol CBD to be used legally inside their borders.
Does CBD have any side effects? Yet, so much has been written about how CBD is helping people that we wanted to take a look at its potential drawbacks too.
That something turned out to be taking cannabidiol, aka CBD. And yet the buzz is so strong that to say CBD-infused products are selling like hotcakes would be an understatement.
CBD Oil 101: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects, and More
Powered by Shopify. For many of us, it may seem as though cannabidiol CBD sprang up out of nowhere. Within a few short years, this obscure molecule found in cannabis plants has moved from near-anonymity to a cure-all embraced by millions. For the past few decades, lawyers, doctors, patients and politicians have all been pitting the medical potential of cannabis against its risk for recreational abuse. However, widespread use of concentrated CBD is a very new phenomenon, and your safety is our priority.
What Are The Side Effects Of CBD Oil? Is CBD Safe?
The popularity of medical marijuana is soaring, and among the numerous products consumers are seeking are CBD , or cannabis oils. A wealth of marketing material, blogs and anecdotes claim that CBD oils can cure whatever ails you, even cancer. But the limited research doesn't suggest that cannabis oil should take the place of conventional medication, except for in two very rare forms of epilepsy and even then, it's recommended only as a last-resort treatment. And, experts caution that because CBD oil and other cannabis-based products are not regulated or tested for safety by the government or any third-party agency, it's difficult for consumers to know exactly what they're getting. Simply put, cannabis oil is the concentrated liquid extract of the marijuana plant, Cannabis sativa. Similar to other herbal extracts, the chemicals in cannabis oils vary depending on how the extract is made and what chemicals were in the plant to begin with. Cannabis plants produce thousands of compounds but the most well recognized belong to a class called cannabinoids. There are several cannabinoids but the two that are most well-known among consumers are THC tetrahydrocannabinol and CBD cannabidiol. THC is the primary psychoactive compound in marijuana and it is what people are searching for when they want a product that gives them a "high.
CBD or Cannabidiol oil — a chemical compound found in the Cannabis Sativa plants — has gained much popularity as a therapeutic drug among people seeking alternative treatment for various kinds of physical and mental health issues. Recent studies have revealed quite a few of its benefits and presented evidence of its potential as a much safer option over many pharmaceutical drugs.
Medical cannabis , or medical marijuana MMJ , is cannabis and cannabinoids that are prescribed by physicians for their patients. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. The Cannabis plant has a history of medicinal use dating back thousands of years in many cultures. Medical cannabis can be administered through various methods, including capsules , lozenges , tinctures , dermal patches , oral or dermal sprays, cannabis edibles , and vaporizing or smoking dried buds.
CBD Oil: Risks, Side Effects And What You Need To Know
While many people use cannabidiol to relieve pain, more scientific research is needed to be sure it is safe. Understanding cannabidiol can help overcome the stigma associated with it. Some people experience side effects when taking cannabidiol CBD and there are other factors to consider before using CBD oil for pain. CBD is one of more than compounds called cannabinoids. The human body has an endocannabinoid system ECS that receives and translates signals from cannabinoids. It produces some cannabinoids of its own, which are called endocannabinoids. The ECS helps to regulate functions such as sleep, immune-system responses, and pain. Instead, it activates or inhibits other compounds in the endocannabinoid system. For example, CBD stops the body from absorbing anandamide, a compound associated with regulating pain. So, increased levels of anandamide in the bloodstream may reduce the amount of pain a person feels. Cannabidiol may also limit inflammation in the brain and nervous system, which may benefit people experiencing pain, insomnia , and certain immune-system responses. Different cannabis plants — often called hemp or marijuana — contain different levels of chemical compounds.
CBD and CBD Oil: What Is It and Does It Really Work?
Common or street names: Bud, ganja, grass, hashish, hemp, Indian hemp, marijuana, pot, reefer, weed. Cannabis sativa , also known as hemp, is a species of the Cannabinaceae family of plants. Cannabis contains the chemical compound THC delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol , which is believed to be responsible for most of the characteristic psychoactive effects of cannabis that leads to the "high" that is experienced when cannabis is consumed. However, not all components of cannabis are psychoactive. The effects experienced by the cannabis marijuana user are variable and will depend upon the dose, method of administration, prior experience, any concurrent drug use, personal expectations, mood state and the social environment in which the drug is used. People who use large quantities of cannabis may become sedated or disoriented and may experience toxic psychosis -- not knowing who they are, where they are, or what time it is.
