Scam hemp cbd oil side effects
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Cannabidiol (CBD) — what we know and what we don’t
Cannabidiol CBD -containing products are widely marketed as over the counter products, mostly as food supplements, to avoid the strict rules of medicinal products. Another hypothesis for the side-effects of CBD products may be residual THC concentrations in the products as contamination, because most of them are based on crude hemp extracts containing the full spectrum of cannabinoids besides CBD.
Inversely, CBD was present in the products below the no observed adverse effect level. The safety, efficacy and purity of commercial CBD products is highly questionable, and all of the products in our sample collection showed various non-conformities to European food law such as unsafe THC levels, full-spectrum hemp extracts as non-approved novel food ingredients, non-approved health claims, and deficits in mandatory food labelling requirements. In view of the growing market for such lifestyle products, the effectiveness of the instrument of food business operators' own responsibility for product safety must obviously be challenged.
From all hemp constituents, cannabidiol CBD is currently the compound with highest interest. It is currently being tested for its possible antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic and antiemetic effects as a drug, e. Apart from that, extemporaneous preparations in pharmacies are legally available on prescription in Germany and some other countries. However, most of the CBD products worldwide are available as food supplements or additives in food.
Commercial CBD products are usually crude extracts from whole hemp plants i. In other ways e. Also, the limited available literature and manufacturer data confirm that CBD products are usually extracted by supercritical CO 2 or with solvents such as ethanol or isopropanol from the entire hemp plant 6 , 7. Probably due to cost reasons for some products, no further specific enrichment or purification of CBD is conducted, so that the commercial extracts are regularly a cannabinoid mixture rather than pure CBD.
Otherwise, extracts may be cleaned with different processes such as winterization, or partial fractionation using supercritical CO 2. The strategy to market CBD products as food supplements within the framework of food regulations seems to be the most common approach of CBD sellers. The most prevalent food supplement products are CBD oils in liquid form or CBD oil or hemp extract containing capsules. However, no significant food consumption of hemp extracts or hemp flowers containing CBD has been documented before 15 May Up to date as of January , no approved application is recorded.
Basically, all available CBD products based on hemp extract marketed as food or food supplement within the EU are therefore illegally sold 2.
To circumvent the strict safety requirements for medicinal or food products, some CBD products may be sold as other product categories e. Despite the enforcement efforts of the food and medicinal product control authorities e. Additionally, some pediatric studies in epilepsy patients with orally administered CBD also reported adverse effects such as drowsiness and fatigue that could be explained by pharmacological properties of THC rather than of CBD 8 — Currently there are three hypotheses for the cause of the side effects: i a direct pharmacological effect of CBD, ii the degradation of CBD to THC due to acidic hydrolysis in the stomach following oral consumption, and iii THC directly contained in the products as by-product due to co-extraction and enrichment or contamination.
In this article, the hypotheses are investigated including new evidence from original data. These solutions were exposed to an artificial gastric juice as well as different incubation times and stress factors such as storage under light and heat see Table 1 for full experimental design.
The daylight condition was achieved by storage at a window south side. In deviation of an experimental protocol of Merrick et al. As pure CBD was available only in methanolic solution, the final experimental setups contained 0. The evaluation took place after fragmentation of the mother ion into three mass traces for each compound. In case of QTOF, quantification was conducted over accurate mass and control of fragmentation pattern.
The certified reference materials were obtained as solutions in ampoules of 1 mL, all supplied by Merck Darmstadt, Germany. For details on interpretation of results and toxicity assessment, see Lachenmeier et al.
For this reason, the consumption of the whole bottle at once was assumed as worst-case exposure scenario. For tea products, a daily consumption of 8 g has been assumed if no other labelling was provided. However, much higher tea consumption is possible, so that a worst case scenario has to be considered. For example, the very small portion size of 2. However, if only 5 times this amount is consumed, which is neither unexpected nor impossible considering typically herbal tea consumption, the LOAEL may be exceeded.
CBD doses in the food supplements on the market are typically much lower than the ones tested in clinical studies.
Some, partly older, in vitro studies put up hypotheses about the conversion of CBD to THC under acidic conditions such as in artificial gastric juice 12 , 16 — If these proposals could be confirmed with in vivo data, consumers taking CBD orally could be exposed to such high THC levels that the threshold for pharmacological action could be exceeded However, taking a closer look at these in vitro studies raises some doubts.
Due to the contradicting results, a replication of the in vitro study of Merrick et al. Under these conditions in contrast to Merrick et al. Only in case of the positive control 2 week storage in 0. From an analytical viewpoint, the use of less selective and specific analytical methods, especially from the point of chromatographic separation, could result in a situation in which certain CBD degradation products might easily be confused with THC due to structural similarities.
Thus, similar fragmentation patterns and potentially overlapping peaks under certain chromatographic conditions might have led to false positive results in the previous studies. In conclusion of our degradation experiments, we agree with more recent literature 22 , 23 that CBD would not likely react to THC under in vivo conditions.
The only detectable influence leading to degradation is strong acidity, which should be avoided in CBD formulations to ensure stability of products. In summary, none of the products in our survey was found as being fully compliant with European food regulations. The THC dose leading to intoxication is considered to be in the range of 10 to 20 mg very high dose in heavy episodic cannabis users up to 60 mg for cannabis smoking The resorption of orally ingested THC varies greatly interindividually with respect to both total amount and resorption rate This might be one of the reasons for the individually very different psychotropic effects.
In one in five adults, a single dose of 5 mg already showed corresponding symptoms Some of the CBD oil supplements contained THC in doses up to 30 mg in this case in the whole bottle of 10 ml , which can easily explain the adverse effects observed by some consumers. Most of the CBD oils with dosage of around 1 mg THC per serving offer the possibility to achieve intoxicating and psychotropic effects due to this compound if the products are used off-label i.
Some manufacturers even suggest an increase of daily dosage over time. Generally, these products pose a risk to human health, especially in light of the German guidance value for THC in these kind of products 29 , Hence our results provide compelling evidence that THC natively contained in CBD products by contamination may be a direct cause for side effects of these products.
Obviously, there is an involuntary or deliberate lack of quality control of CBD products. In light of the discussion about the three potential causative factors for side effects of CBD products, the described effects can be explained most probably by the presence of native THC as contaminant in the products rather than by direct action of CBD or its chemical transformation.
The conclusions and findings of this study are further supported by the findings of Hazekamp 6 reporting data from the Netherlands on cannabis oils according to which the labelling information for CBD and THC was often different from the actual contents.
CBD degradation products are currently unknown and need to be characterized and toxicologically assessed, e. Until then, the safety of the products remains questionable. Furthermore, standardization and purification of the extracts need to be improved and stability of commercial products during shelf life should be checked e.
Obviously, the manufacturers have — deliberately or in complete ignorance of the legal situation — placed unsafe and unapproved products on the market and thus exposed the consumer to an actually avoidable risk. The risk also includes positive cannabis urine tests for several days, which may be expected from daily oral doses of more than 1 mg THC 1 , 2 , Obviously, the current regulatory framework is insufficient to adequately regulate products in the grey area between medicines and food supplements.
For cannabis-derived products, such as CBD, the problem is aggravated by conflicting regulations in the narcotic, medicinal, and food law areas. For example, hemp extract based products of similar composition could be treated as illegal narcotics, prescription-based medicinal products, or novel foods. Clearly for CBD products alongside other medicinal cannabis products, a regulated legalization see e.
Anderson et al. The authors of this manuscript have addressed my questions and concerns in a satisfactory manner. I see no more objection for indexing of this very welcome manuscript. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Commercial CBD products are usually crude extracts from whole hemp plant material, that are available for purchase in several venues.
These extracts have been reported to contain cannabinoid mixtures rather than pure CBD, and are then mixed into edible oils to obtain CBD oil. They are marketed as being free of psychoactive component, i. Anecdotal reports of THC-like side effects from these mixtures have been reported. Three hypotheses for these side effects are posed: i direct pharmacological effect of CBD-for which there is little evidence, ii the degradation of CBD to THC due to acidic hydrolysis in the stomach following oral consumption, and iii THC directly contained in the products as a by-product due to co-extraction and enrichment or contamination.
The article investigated the latter two of these hypotheses. CBD degradation: Differently concentrated CBD in methanolic solutions was evaluated in a range corresponding to typical amounts consumed in supplements based on commercial CBD supplied by Merck. These solutions were exposed to an artificial gastric juice at different incubation times and under different environmental conditions.
Of the 28 samples described in Table 2, none of the products was compliant with European food regulations and most of the samples contained THC, some at a dose that would be expected to lead to intoxication. Although it would have been even more informative to have a clear indication of the CBD content of each of the samples, the data clearly present evidence that the products are mislabeled and that THC-like side effects reported by patients is likely the result of contamination of the product with THC, which was the purpose of the study.
This is an important manuscript that will clear up the misconception that CBD is converted to THC in gastric juices of users. The manuscript focuses on the quality of CBD oils, which is a meaningful and contemporary issue. Table 2 is the core of the study, because it compares the claimed composition of CBD oil, with lab results obtained by the authors.
The conclusion is that the currently available products in Germany are often not what they claim to be. Unfortunately, the authors did not analyze the actual CBD content of many of the products, and they assume that their own lab analyses are fully accurate, without proving or showing why. The authors use two different methods of analysis without explaining why one method is not sufficient. Also, in many parts of the text, they explain the current situation concerning CBD product without realizing that many readers may not have enough background information to follow their line of reasoning.
The manuscript should be rewritten to explain basic concepts better. Also, more data should be added to table 2, particularly about CBD content of the products analyzed.
Right now, CBD analysis data is missing for more than half of the samples. It is not clear why so many of the products have not been studied for CBD content, and this undermines the strength of the paper. In general, the idea behind the study is very good, but the execution is relatively poor because it only focuses on the THC content of the product analyzed. Please see my annotated copy of the article here for additional comments. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
CBD oil derives from hemp, a cousin of marijuana in the Cannabis According to the World Health Organisation, “CBD exhibits no effects. So are there any CBD oil side effects you should know about? 1_CBD or Cannabidiol oil – a chemical compound found in the Cannabis Sativa plants In fact, according to a recent World Health Organization (WHO) review, “to date, there is.
Cannabidiol CBD is one of more than chemical compounds derived from cannabis. A small body of research suggests that cannabidiol may help people with fibromyalgia. A review from states that cannabidiol CBD can help to relieve pain caused by fibromyalgia and other conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis MS.
Common or street names: Bud, ganja, grass, hashish, hemp, Indian hemp, marijuana, pot, reefer, weed.
Powered by Shopify. For many of us, it may seem as though cannabidiol CBD sprang up out of nowhere. Within a few short years, this obscure molecule found in cannabis plants has moved from near-anonymity to a cure-all embraced by millions.
CBD oil: Miracle cure or widespread scam?
Cannabidiol CBD -containing products are widely marketed as over the counter products, mostly as food supplements, to avoid the strict rules of medicinal products. Another hypothesis for the side-effects of CBD products may be residual THC concentrations in the products as contamination, because most of them are based on crude hemp extracts containing the full spectrum of cannabinoids besides CBD. Inversely, CBD was present in the products below the no observed adverse effect level. The safety, efficacy and purity of commercial CBD products is highly questionable, and all of the products in our sample collection showed various non-conformities to European food law such as unsafe THC levels, full-spectrum hemp extracts as non-approved novel food ingredients, non-approved health claims, and deficits in mandatory food labelling requirements. In view of the growing market for such lifestyle products, the effectiveness of the instrument of food business operators' own responsibility for product safety must obviously be challenged.
Are side effects of cannabidiol (CBD) products caused by tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contamination?
Cannabidiol CBD has been recently covered in the media, and you may have even seen it as an add-in booster to your post-workout smoothie or morning coffee. What exactly is CBD? Why is it suddenly so popular? CBD stands for cannabidiol. It is the second most prevalent of the active ingredients of cannabis marijuana. While CBD is an essential component of medical marijuana , it is derived directly from the hemp plant, which is a cousin of the marijuana plant. To date, there is no evidence of public health related problems associated with the use of pure CBD. CBD is readily obtainable in most parts of the United States, though its exact legal status is in flux. Currently, many people obtain CBD online without a medical cannabis license. The legality of CBD is expected to change, as there is currently bipartisan consensus in Congress to make the hemp crop legal which would, for all intents and purposes, make CBD difficult to prohibit.
Dirk W. Tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, Cannabis sativa, hemp, food supplements, risk assessment, drug effects.
Otherwise known as Cannabidiol, CBD oil is an active ingredient found in hemp, a certain strain of the Cannabis sativa plant. CBD is known for its healing properties, having entered the mainstream of late as a proposed panacea to pain for various ailments like arthritis, diabetes and nausea caused by chemotherapy.
CBD Oil: Risks, Side Effects And What You Need To Know
CBD or Cannabidiol oil — a chemical compound found in the Cannabis Sativa plants — has gained much popularity as a therapeutic drug among people seeking alternative treatment for various kinds of physical and mental health issues. Recent studies have revealed quite a few of its benefits and presented evidence of its potential as a much safer option over many pharmaceutical drugs. Due to the lack of extensive study on its side effects, it is often not advised by doctors even in places where medical marijuana is legal. In spite of its benefits, this herbal extract, like everything else we can ingest or use on ourselves, has certain side effects. Incidentally, no cases of toxicity or overdose from use of hemp-based industrial-grade hemp CBD oil have been reported so far. In fact, this particular extract of marijuana or hemp has been found to be quite safe for use by almost everyone. Doses of up to mg of CBD have been seen to be easily tolerated by human test subjects. CBD hardly has any negative impact on humans, may occur only in very rare cases and that too in a mild way. This is a common phenomenon among people who use CBD or any other cannabinoids — in both cases of consuming or smoking. A phenomenon, which feels like your mouth is stuffed with cotton balls, can be easily overcome by drinking a lot of water or other hydrating fluids before, during or after consumption of CBD. The reason for this is that when a person consumes or smokes any cannabinoid, the endocannabinoid system, which has its receptors present in the salivary glands, inhibits the secretion of the glands. Anandamide,an endocannabinoid that causes dryness of mouth, interacts with these receptors and inhibits saliva production by blocking the signals from the nervous system to produce saliva. CBD oil typically does not induce any feelings of drowsiness.
How can CBD help with fibromyalgia?
Introduction: This literature survey aims to extend the comprehensive survey performed by Bergamaschi et al. Apart from updating the literature, this article focuses on clinical studies and CBD potential interactions with other drugs. Results: In general, the often described favorable safety profile of CBD in humans was confirmed and extended by the reviewed research. The majority of studies were performed for treatment of epilepsy and psychotic disorders. In comparison with other drugs, used for the treatment of these medical conditions, CBD has a better side effect profile.
